ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART PLAINTIFF'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT, AND GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS' MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT (Docket Nos. 40, 43-44.)

EDWARD M. CHEN, District Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION

Pending before the Court are cross motions for summary judgment filed by the Plaintiff, the Federal Defendant and industry Intervenors. This case arises under the Magnuson-Stevens Act, which establishes Regional Fishery Management Councils, and requires those Councils to prepare fishery management plans which are aimed at preventing overfishing. Plaintiff challenges Amendment 13, a 2010 amendment to the Costal Pelagic Species Fishery Management Plan, which covers a number of species within the California Current Ecosystem. Plaintiffs allege that Amendment 13 fails to comply with various requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act ("MSA"), and also violates the National Environmental Policy Act ("NEPA") and the Endangered Species Act ("ESA").

For the reasons stated below, this Court concludes that many of the objections Plaintiff raises under the MSA are untimely. Of the timely objections, the Court finds that Amendment 13 violates the MSA only in that it fails to specify a maximum sustainable yield proxy for the northern subpopulation of the northern anchovy. The Court additionally denies Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment as to the NEPA and ESA claims.

II. STATUTORY SCHEME & FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Plaintiff brings suit to challenge Amendment 13 to the Coastal Pelegic Species Fishery Management Plan ("CPS FMP," "the FMP" or "the plan"),1 alleging that it is not in compliance with the requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act. Specifically, Plaintiff alleges that Amendment 13 fails to set certain measures required by the MSA (such as the "optimum yield" for the species of fish covered by the CPS FMP), that it fails to appropriately account for certain known sources of uncertainty, and that it is not based upon the best available science. Plaintiff also alleges that Amendment 13 violates the National Environmental Policy Act and the Endangered Species Act.

A. Magnuson-Stevens Act Statutory Overview

Congress enacted the MSA, 16 U.S.C. §§ 1801, et. seq., in 1976 after finding that "[c]ertain stocks of fish have declined to the point where their survival is threatened," and that "[a] national program for the conservation and management of the fishery resources of the United States" had become "necessary to prevent overfishing, to rebuild overfished stocks, to insure conservation, to facilitate long-term protection of essential fish habitats, and to realize the full potential of the Nation's fishery resources." 16 U.S.C. § 1801(a)(1), (7). Its stated purposes are, inter alia, "to take immediate action to conserve and manage the fishery resources found off the coasts of the United States," and "to promote domestic commercial and recreational fishing under sound conservation and management principles." 16 U.S.C. §§ 1801(b)(1), (3).

In order to carry out these purposes, the MSA established eight Regional Fishery Management Councils, and directed each Council to:

16 U.S.C. § 1852(h)(1). The Pacific Council, whose fishery management plan is the subject of this litigation, is the Council responsible for Pacific Ocean fisheries seaward of the states of California, Oregon, and Washington. 16 U.S.C. § 1852(a)(1)(F).

Each Council is required to establish and maintain a scientific and statistical committee ("SSC"). The role of the SSC is to assist the Council "in the development, collection, evaluation, and peer review of such statistical, biological, economic, social, and other scientific information as is relevant to such Council's development and amendment of any fishery management plan." 16 U.S.C. § 1852(g)(1)(A). The Council may also set up additional advisory panels as it deems necessary or appropriate. Id. § 1852(g)(2). Decisions and recommendations of the SSC are generally considered advisory. Id. § 1852(g)(5).

B. Plan Implementation Process

Fishery management plans and their amendments are submitted by each Regional Fishery Management Council to the Secretary of Commerce ("Secretary"), who reviews them to determine whether proposed plans or amendments are consistent with the ten "national standards for fishery conservation and management" listed in § 1851(a), the provisions of the Magnuson Act, and other applicable law. 16 U.S.C. §§ 1851(a), 1854(a)(1)(A). The Secretary must publish notice of a Council's proposed plan or amendment in the Federal Register and solicit public comment. Id. §§ 1854(a)(1)(B); 1854(a)(5). Within 30 days of the close of the public comment period, the Secretary must either "approve, disapprove, or partially approve [the] plan or amendment ... by written notice to the Council." Id. § 1854(a)(3). "If the Secretary does not notify a Council within 30 days of the end of the comment period of the approval, disapproval, or partial approval of a plan or amendment, then such plan or amendment shall take effect as if approved." Id.

Fishery management plans, standing alone, "do not themselves have any regulatory effect — implementing regulations must also be enacted in order to effectuate them." N.C. Fisheries Ass'n v. Gutierrez, 550 F.3d 16, 17 (D.C.Cir.2008). Thus, in addition to plans and their amendments, the Act requires that the Council submit to the Secretary any "proposed regulations which the Council deems necessary or appropriate for the purposes of ... implementing a fishery management plan or plan amendment" at the time that the Council submits the plan or amendment. 16 U.S.C. § 1853(c)(1). Similar to the process for FMPs and their amendments, the MSA requires the Secretary to "immediately initiate an evaluation of [a Council's] proposed regulations to determine whether they are consistent with the fishery management plan, plan amendment, [the Magnuson Act], and other applicable law." 16 U.S.C. § 1854(b)(1). If the Secretary determines that the proposed regulations are consistent, he must "publish such regulations in the Federal Register ... for a public comment period of 15 to 60 days." Id. § 1854(b)(1)(A). "The Secretary shall promulgate final regulations within 30 days after the end of the comment period." Id. § 1854(b)(3).

The Secretary has delegated her authorities under the MSA to the National Marine Fisheries Service ("NMFS"), a subagency of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ("NOAA") within the Department of Commerce. Fishermen's Finest, Inc. v. Locke, 593 F.3d 886, 889 (9th Cir.2010).

Under certain limited circumstances, the Secretary may prepare her own FMP or amendment if the Council fails to develop and submit an FMP or necessary amendment to the Secretary within a "reasonable" period of time. 16 U.S.C. § 1854(c)(1). Similarly, if the Secretary disapproves or partially disapproves an FMP or amendment, and the Council fails to submit a revised plan, the Secretary may prepare her own plan or amendment. Id.

C. Required Contents of Fishery Management Plans

The Magnuson Act requires that fishery management plans and plan amendments adhere to a number of standards, and provides specific guidelines for the required contents of plans. Section 1853 sets forth the provisions that FMPs must include. A number of the required provisions are relevant to the dispute in this case.

First, § 1853(a)(1)(A) requires plans to "contain the conservation and management measures" which are "necessary and appropriate for the conservation and management of the fishery, to prevent overfishing and rebuild overfished stocks, and to protect, restore, and promote the long-term health and stability of the fishery." The Act defines "overfishing" as the "rate or level of fishing mortality that jeopardizes the capacity of a fishery to produce the maximum sustainable yield on a continuing basis." 16 U.S.C. § 1802(34). NMFS has, in turn, defined maximum sustainable yield ("MSY") as "the largest long-term average catch or yield that can be taken from a stock or stock complex under prevailing ecological, environmental conditions and fishery technological characteristics... and the distribution of catch among fleets." 50 C.F.R. § 600.310(e)(1)(i)(A).

Second, § 1853(a)(1)(C) requires the conservation and management measures in FMPs to be "consistent with the national standards, the other provisions of this chapter, ... and any other applicable law." The "national standards" are ten standards for fishery conservation and management that Congress mandated all plans and implementing regulations adhere to, which are codified at 16 U.S.C. § 1851(a). The relevant national standards are discussed in more detail below.

Third, the Magnuson Act mandates that fishery management plans "assess and specify ... the maximum sustainable yield and optimum yield from[] the fishery, and include a summary of the information utilized in making such specification." 16 U.S.C. § 1853(a)(3); 50 C.F.R. § 600.310(e)(3)(i)(A). Optimum yield ("OY") is defined to mean the amount of fish that "will provide the greatest overall benefit to the Nation, particularly with respect to food production and recreational opportunities, and taking into account the protection of marine ecosystems." 16 U.S.C. § 1802(33). OY is to be "prescribed on the basis of the maximum sustainable yield from the fishery, as reduced by any relevant social, economic, or ecological factor." Id.

Finally, the Act requires plans to "specify objective and measurable criteria for identifying when the fishery to which the plan applies is overfished," and, "in the case of a fishery which the Council or the Secretary has determined is approaching an overfished condition or is overfished, contain conservation and management measures to prevent overfishing or end overfishing and rebuild the fishery." 16 U.S.C. § 1853(a)(10).

D. National Standards 1 and 2

As noted above, § 1853(a)(1)(C) requires that FMPs contain conservation and management measures that are consistent with natural standards. The instant suit implicates National Standards 1 and 2 and the related advisory guidelines. National Standard 1 provides that "[c]onservation and management measures shall prevent overfishing while achieving, on a continuing basis, the optimum yield from each fishery for the United States fishing industry." 16 U.S.C. § 1851(a)(1) (emphasis added). The guidelines note that "[t]he determination of [optimum yield] is a decisional mechanism for resolving the [Magnuson Act]'s conservation and management objectives, achieving a fishery management plan's [] objectives, and balancing the various interests that comprise the greatest overall benefits to the Nation." 50 C.F.R. § 600.310(b)(2)(ii).

Thus, under National Standard 1 and NMFS' implementing regulations, a plan must include conservation and management measures that both prevent overfishing (a rate of fishing which would jeopardize the capacity of a fishery to produce the maximum sustainable yield on a continuing basis), and achieve optimum yield (the maximum sustainable yield from the fishery as reduced by any relevant social, economic, or ecological factor).

National Standard 2 provides that "[c]onservation and management measures shall be based upon the best scientific information available." 16 U.S.C. § 1851(a)(2). Following this standard, fishery management plans "must take into account the best scientific information available at the time of preparation." 50 C.F.R. § 600.315(b)(2).

The MSA provides that the Secretary shall establish guidelines based on the national standards, but provides that these "shall not have the force and effect of law." 16 U.S.C. § 1851(b). These standards, found at 50 C.F.R. § 600.305-600.355, define and explicate a number of the terms in the statute, including optimum yield, maximum sustainable yield, minimum stock size threshold, and acceptable biological catch. See 50 C.F.R. § 600.310.

E. Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act

In January 2007, Congress enacted the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act of 2006 ("MSRA"), P.L. 109-479, 120 Stat. 3575 (2007), which imposed additional requirements for fishery management plans intended to strengthen the role of science and account for uncertainty in fishery management. See S. Rep. 109-229 (April 4, 2006) at 3-8. The MSRA, in relevant part, required that each fishery management plan also "establish a mechanism for specifying annual catch limits in the plan... at a level such that overfishing does not occur in the fishery, including measures to ensure accountability." 16 U.S.C. § 1853(a)(15). This new requirement "shall ... take effect" in 2011 for stocks (including those at issue in this case) that are not subject to overfishing. P.L. 109-479, § 104(b)(1). The MSRA also directs each Council to "develop annual catch limits for each of its managed fisheries that may not exceed the fishing level recommendations of its scientific and statistical committee ..." 16 U.S.C. § 1852(h)(6).

In 2009, NMFS promulgated regulations pursuant to the MSRA. NMFS's implementing guidelines instruct Councils to establish annual catch limits ("ACLs") in relation to the overfishing limit ("OFL"), which is a quantifiable factor "used determine if overfishing has occurred, or if the stock or stock complex [of a fishery] is overfished." 50 C.F.R. § 600.310(e)(2)(i)(A). The OFL "is an estimate of the catch level above which overfishing is occurring." 50 C.F.R. § 600.310(e)(2)(i)(D). The guidelines clarify that "overfishing" is distinct from "overfished." A fishery stock "is considered `overfished' when its biomass has declined below a level that jeopardizes the capacity of the stock ... to produce MSY on a continuing basis." 50 C.F.R. § 600.310(e)(2)(i)(E). "`[O]verfished' relates to biomass of a stock ..., and `overfishing' pertains to a rate or level of removal of fish from a stock." Id. § 600.310(e)(2)(i)(A). The level of biomass below which a fish stock is considered to be overfished is referred to as the minimum stock size threshold ("MSST"). Id. § 600.310(e)(2)(i)(F).

In order to control for scientific uncertainty in identifying the overfishing limit, the guidelines require Councils to specify an "acceptable biological catch" level ("ABC"), which is defined as "a level of a stock or stock complex's annual catch that accounts for the scientific uncertainty in the estimate of OFL and any other scientific uncertainty." 50 C.F.R. § 600.310(f)(2)(ii). By taking into account scientific uncertainty, the "acceptable biological catch" level for a particular fishery is likely to be more conservative than the overfishing level for that same fishery. See 50 C.F.R. § 600.310(f)(3) ("While the ABC is allowed to equal OFL, NMFS expects that in most cases ABC will be reduced from OFL to reduce the probability that overfishing might occur in a year."). Generally, when a Council sets an annual catch limit in a fishery management plan, the "ACL cannot exceed the ABC." 50 C.F.R. § 600.310(f)(5)(i). See also id. ("If a Council recommends an ACL which equals ABC, and the ABC is equal to OFL, the Secretary may presume that the proposal would not prevent overfishing, in the absence of sufficient analysis and justification for the approach."). The guidelines require Councils to "evaluate and describe" these metrics "in their [plans] and amend the [plans], if necessary, to align their management objectives to end or prevent overfishing" for "all stocks and stock complexes" considered to be located "in the fishery." 50 C.F.R. § 600.310(c).

F. Coastal Pelagic Species FMP

The fishery management plan that is the subject of this lawsuit originated as an FMP concerned solely with the northern anchovy in 1977. AR 13746. This plan was approved and published in the Federal Register in 1978. Id. Since that time, the plan has been amended numerous times. AR 13746-47. Two amendments are particularly relevant to this case: Amendment 8, which was implemented on January 1, 2000, and Amendment 10, which was implemented on January 27, 2003. AR 13747.

Amendment 8 updated the FMP to comply with recent amendments to the MSA, and expanded the FMP to cover not just the northern anchovy, but also the Pacific sardine, the Pacific (chub) mackerel, jack mackerel, and market squid. AR 13747. These species are all pelagic, meaning they live in the water column as opposed to near the sea floor. AR 13594. The species covered by the FMP are all considered to be forage species, that is, they are important to the marine ecosystem as food for predators. AR 3251, 3329. The predators that feed upon the species covered by the CPS FMP include a number of fish, marine mammals, and birds. Id. Some of these predators are classified as endangered or threatened under the Endangered Species Act. AR 3329. The parties vigorously dispute whether any of the fish populations covered by the FMP are currently overfished, subject to overfishing, or vulnerable to overfishing.2 See Pl.'s Mot. at 4; Fed. Def.'s Mot. at 8; Int. Def.'s Mot. at 4-6; Pl.'s Reply at 4-7; Int. Def.'s Opp. at 4-7.3

Amendment 8 divided the species covered by the FMP into two categories: actively managed stocks, and monitored stocks. AR 3195. The "active" category was designated "for stocks and fisheries with biologically significant levels of catch, or biological or socioeconomic considerations requiring relatively intense harvest management procedures." Id. Actively managed species would be subject to periodic stock assessments and periodic adjustments of target harvest levels based on MSY control rules. Id. The "monitored" category was designated for "stocks and fisheries not requiring intensive harvest management and where monitoring of landings and available abundance indices are considered sufficient to manage the stock." Id. Monitored species would be subject to tracking of "trends in landings and qualitative comparison to available abundance data" but would not be subject to stock assessments or periodic adjustments to target harvest levels. Id. Only actively managed species were required to have explicit MSY control rules, definitions of overfishing, and overfished stocks; monitored species could use "`generic' or general definitions of overfishing and overfished stocks that do not have specific fishing mortality or biomass cut offs." Id. The actively managed species identified in the plan were the Pacific sardine and the Pacific mackerel, and the monitored species were the jack mackerel, northern anchovy, and market squid. AR 3419, 3429, 3431.

Amendment 8 set a "general MSY control rule" for actively managed stocks. AR 3220. This rule set the relationship between the harvest target level, the CUTOFF (the lowest level of estimated biomass at which directed harvest is allowed), the BIOMASS (estimated biomass of fish at 1+ years of age), and the FRACTION (the fraction of biomass above cutoff that can be taken by the fishery). AR 3220. Amendment 8 sets this rule as

Id. Though this equation would set a harvest target level, the fishery would not automatically close when the harvest target level was reached. AR 3225-26. Amendment 8 also provides that harvest levels should be prorated to reflect estimates of the percentage of biomass in U.S., rather than Canadian or Mexican, waters. AR 3220.

Amendment 8 did not explicitly define optimum yield as a set number for the species in the fishery, but defined OY "to be the level of harvest which is less than or equal to acceptable biological catch (ABC) estimated using a MSY control rule, consistent with the goals and objectives of this fishery management plan (FMP), and used by the Council to manage the stock." AR 3218.

Amendment 10 made changes to various permitting rules, and set the harvest guidelines for market squid. Id. Additional details about these amendments are provided where relevant to the analysis below.

G. Development of Amendment 13 to the Coastal Pelagic Species FMP

NMFS published the final rule implementing the revised guidelines under the MSRA in January 2009. 74 Fed.Reg. 3178-3213. In March 2009, the Council began preparations for Amendment 13. AR 3614. The Council noted that "[t]he MSRA and amended NMFS guidelines introduce new fishery management concepts including overfishing levels (OFLs), annual catch limits (ACLs), annual catch targets (ACTs), and accountability measures (AMs) that are designed to better account for scientific and management uncertainty and to prevent and end overfishing," and recognized a 2011 deadline for compliance with the new requirements. Id. At that time, the Council took action to "(1) Review final NMFS guidance on NS1 [National Standard 1]; (2) Discuss initial issues for CPS management and potential FMP amendment to meet the new NS1 guidelines; (3) Provide guidance on the scope and schedule for amending the CPS FMP." AR 3615. At the same time, an advisory subpanel identified additional changes to the FMP for the Council to consider during the amendment process; none of these suggested changes are related to the challenges brought in this suit. AR 3706.

By February 2010, the Council had prepared a draft analyzing alternatives for incorporation into Amendment 13. AR 4195. This draft begins by summarizing changes made by the MSRA and revised guidelines, and commenting on the new requirements these changes impose on FMPs. Id. In discussing the scope of alternatives considered in the draft, the Council noted that "[l]egal requirements of the MSRA and the MSA combined with the policy guidance from NMFS on implementing [national standard 1] require the new provisions such as OFLs and ACLs be included in FMPs and management practices to end and prevent overfishing within a specific timeline." AR 4197. The draft considered various alternatives for each of several issues: (1) inclusion and classification of different species in the fishery; (2) setting status determination criteria; (3) setting harvest control formulas for both actively managed and monitored species; (4) setting ACLs for specific sectors of the fishing industry; (5) setting ACTs for actively managed and/or monitored species; (6) transferring management of the species to the State of California. AR 4197-4207.

The February 2010 draft explicitly rejected the possibility of a sweeping re-consideration of status determination criteria such as MSY, MSST, ABC, and OY as those were currently set in the CPS FMP. The only two alternatives considered vis-a-vis status determination criteria were (1) maintaining the status quo as to these criteria; and (2) maintaining the status quo but additionally developing an MSY proxy for the northern subpopulation of the northern anchovy. AR 4201. The Council noted that "[a]lthough the Council and the CPSMT have identified the review of some of the existing SDCs as priority research needs, the process of reviewing and potentially revising the existing SDCs is outside the scope and the allotted time of Amendment 13." AR 4200.

In June 2010, the Council took final action to adopt Amendment 13, which was later transmitted to NMFS along with proposed implementing regulations and an environmental assessment in January 2011. AR 12898. In transmitting these materials, the Council indicated that Amendment 13 brought the CPS FMP into compliance with the MSRA and the revised guidelines, and identified the specific changes made by the plan. AR 12898. The changes identified were: (1) categorizing all actively managed, monitored, and prohibited harvest species as "in the fishery" and subjecting them to the new management provisions required by the MSRA and guidelines; (2) maintaining existing status determination criteria, with the exception of those modified through the annual harvest and management specification process; (3) adding jacksmelt and Pacific herring to the FMP as ecosystem component species; (4) adding new buffer terms to existing harvest control rules to account for scientific uncertainty; (5) modifying default harvest control rules for monitored stocks to include new management reference points; (6) adding sector-specific ACLs, ACTs, and AMs; and (7) adding language that specifies that the Council shall consider ecological factors in developing status determination criteria, ACLs, and ACTs. AR 12898-99.

The Council prepared an Environmental Assessment for Amendment 13. The Environmental Assessment discussed various options considered in the preparation of the amendment. AR 13579. These options differed across four variables: (1) classification of stocks in the fishery; (2) status determination criteria; (3) reference points (identified as OFL, ABC, and ACL); and (4) annual catch targets and accountability measures. AR 13588. As with the February 2010 draft discussing alternatives, the Environmental Assessment discussed only two options with regards to status determination criteria: maintaining existing status determination criteria ("SDC"), or maintaining existing SDCs but adding an MSY proxy for the northern subpopulation of the northern anchovy. AR 13588-90.

In June 2011, NMFS published notice of the availability of Amendment 13 and a request for comments in the Federal Register. AR 13498; 76 Fed.Reg. 33189, 33190 (June 8, 2011). The notice described the scope of the amendment as follows:

Id.; see also AR 13748 (similar description of scope in introduction to Amendment 13).

Plaintiff and several other organizations submitted comments in response to this notice. AR 13895. In an internal memorandum accompanying the approval of Amendment 13, NMFS noted that:

AR 13895-96. It does not appear that NMFS directly contacted Plaintiff or the other commenters to indicate that many of their comments were out of the scope of Amendment 13. The final notice of Amendment 13's adoption in the Federal Register, however, notes that "[t]he majority of the points raised in the NGO comment related more to the CPS FMP as a whole as opposed to specific changes being made by Amendment 13, and will not be addressed here." AR 13956.

The final regulations implementing Amendment 13 were published in the Federal Register on November 14, 2011. AR 13956; 76 Fed.Reg. 70362 (Nov. 14, 2011).

H. Contents of Amendment 13

Amendment 13, as proposed by the Council and finally approved, made significant changes to the harvest control rules set by Amendment 8. Rather than Amendment 8's one harvest control formula for actively managed species, Amendment 13 sets several related formulas for determining different fishery management benchmarks such as harvest guidelines ("HG"), ABC, ACL, and ACT. AR 13778-79. Amendment 13 sets forth the following relationships between the terms:

The harvest goal formula is essentially the same as the formula set by Amendment 8, but the others are new to Amendment 13.4 Compare AR 13778-79 with AR 3412. Amendment 13 provides that "[i]f the HG, ACL, or ACT for the directed fishery is reached the directed fishery will be closed by automatic action...." AR 13784. Since the closure of the fishery is triggered by the lowest of these values, actual harvest levels in the fishery will be either the same as under the previous version of the FMP (when HG is the lowest value) or lower than previous levels (where ABC is the lowest value). Other differences and similarities between Amendment 13 and prior amendments to the FMP will be discussed as relevant below.

III. DISCUSSION

Summary judgment is proper where the pleadings, discovery and affidavits show that there is "no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(a). The Court will grant summary judgment "against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial ... since a complete failure of proof concerning an essential element of the nonmoving party's case necessarily renders all other facts immaterial." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986); see also Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986) (a fact is material if it might affect the outcome of the suit under governing law, and a dispute about a material fact is genuine "if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party."). The moving party bears the initial burden of identifying those portions of the record which demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. The burden then shifts to the nonmoving party to "go beyond the pleadings and by her own affidavits, or by the `depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file,' designate `specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.'" Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548 (citations omitted). The Court's function on a summary judgment motion is not to make credibility determinations or weigh conflicting evidence with respect to a disputed material fact. See T.W. Elec. Serv. v. Pacific Elec. Contractors Ass'n, 809 F.2d 626, 630 (9th Cir.1987). The evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, and the inferences to be drawn from the facts must be viewed in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party. See id. at 631.

Judicial review of claims under the MSA, ESA and NEPA is governed by the Administrative Procedure Act (APA). 16 U.S.C. § 1855(f)(1); Oregon Trollers Ass'n v. Gutierrez, 452 F.3d 1104, 1116 (9th Cir. 2006) (MSA); Karuk Tribe of California v. U.S. Forest Serv., 681 F.3d 1006, 1017 (9th Cir.2012) (ESA); Save the Peaks Coal. v. U.S. Forest Serv., 669 F.3d 1025, 1035 (9th Cir.2012) (NEPA). A court must set aside agency actions under these statutes where such action is "arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law" or was taken "without observance of procedure required by law." 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A), (D). Review under the APA is deferential;

Pac. Coast Fed'n of Fishermen's Ass'ns, Inc. v. Nat'l Marine Fisheries Serv., 265 F.3d 1028, 1034 (9th Cir.2001) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). The question for the court, thus, is whether the agency considered the relevant factors and articulated a rational connection between the facts in the record and the action taken. Id.; Midwater Trawlers Co-operative v. Dep't of Commerce, 282 F.3d 710, 716 (9th Cir.2002). In a challenge to agency action, "summary judgment is an appropriate mechanism for deciding the legal question of whether the agency could reasonably have found the facts as it did" based on the administrative record. Occidental Eng'g Co. v. I.N.S., 753 F.2d 766, 770 (9th Cir.1985).

A. Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act

As a preliminary matter, Defendants argue that many of the violations Plaintiff alleges under the MSA are not timely raised, because they were promulgated under Amendment 8 rather than Amendment 13. The MSA provides for judicial review of regulations promulgated by the Secretary, or actions taken by the Secretary under regulations implementing an FMP, so long as the petition for review is filed within 30 days of the date that the regulations are promulgated or the action is published in the federal register. 16 U.S.C. § 1855(f).

While the Ninth Circuit does not appear to have addressed this issue, a number of courts have held that plaintiffs may not use challenges to FMP amendments as a vehicle for raising objections to provisions of the FMP that were previously implemented. For example, the court in Connecticut v. Daley, considered a timely challenge brought to an FMP amendment that actually concerned a state-by-state quota system which had been established in earlier versions of the FMP. 53 F.Supp.2d 147, 161-62 (D.Conn.1999) aff'd on other grounds sub nom. Connecticut v. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 204 F.3d 413 (2d Cir. 2000). As the administrative record was "clear that the [challenged regulations] did not change the state-by-state quota system... there was no agency action concerning the quota system that is capable of being challenged" in the suit. Id. at 162. See also Midwater Trawlers Co-op. v. Mosbacher, 727 F.Supp. 12, 14 (D.D.C.1989) (founding a plaintiff's claims time barred where the "complaint technically challenges the 1989 total allowable catch specifications, [but] plaintiff's real grievance is with the optimum yield set in 1984").5 The court in Texas Shrimp Ass'n v. Daley, similarly found a challenge to an interim rule untimely when it was aimed at a total allowable catch benchmark set in an earlier version of the FMP. 4:00CV20-RH, 2000 WL 35938412 (N.D.Fla. Apr. 12, 2000) aff'd sub nom. Texas Shrimp Ass'n v. Evans, 273 F.3d 397 (11th Cir.2001) (table). The court held that:

Id. at *3.

There are some exceptions to the 30 day statute of limitations. Since 1990, the MSA has allowed plaintiffs to challenge regulations after the 30 day period through a suit challenging an action taken under the regulation. See Oregon Trollers Ass'n v. Gutierrez, 452 F.3d 1104, 1113 (9th Cir.2006). The parties do not allege that such an action has occurred here, however.

Additionally, the D.C. Circuit has held that a regulation may be challenged outside the original 30 day limitations period if the agency reopens the issue by considering and re-adopting the applicable provision. Thus, "where an agency's actions show that it has not merely republished an existing rule in order to propose minor changes to it, but has reconsidered the rule and decided to keep it in effect, challenges to the rule are in order." Pub. Citizen v. Nuclear Regulatory Comm'n, 901 F.2d 147, 150 (D.C.Cir.1990). "The doctrine only applies, however, where `the entire context,' ... demonstrates that the agency `ha[s] undertaken a serious, substantive reconsideration of the [existing] rule.'" P & V Enterprises v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 516 F.3d 1021, 1024 (D.C.Cir.2008) (quoting Nat'l Mining Ass'n v. U.S. Dep't of Interior, 70 F.3d 1345, 1352 (D.C.Cir.1995)) (emphasis added).

One of the factors courts consider in determining whether or not a reopening has occurred is the language in the notice of proposed rulemaking. Nat'l Ass'n of Reversionary Prop. Owners v. Surface Transp. Bd., 158 F.3d 135, 142 (D.C.Cir. 1998) [hereinafter Reversionary Property Owners]. If a notice of proposed rulemaking "uses language that can reasonably be read as an invitation to comment on portions the agency does not explicitly propose to change ... a renewed challenge to the underlying rule or policy will be allowed." Pub. Citizen, 901 F.2d at 150. In this context, ambiguity in the wording of the notice "may also tilt toward a finding that the issue has been reopened." Reversionary Property Owners, 158 F.3d at 142. For example, in Ass'n of Am. Railroads v. I.C.C., the court found that the agency's language was ambiguous as to whether it intended to reconsider an old rule, or simply promulgate a new rule on a related issue. 846 F.2d 1465, 1473 (D.C.Cir.1988). The notice of rule making, however, indicated an intention to "harmonize" the various past decisions on the issue, and the court found that this could be read to suggest "that the search for harmony might lead to a rethinking of old positions." Id.

On the other hand, inviting comments on one part of a broader scheme does not necessarily open up the entire scheme to comment. Reversionary Property Owners, 158 F.3d at 142. The mere fact that two rules are related in some way does not necessarily mean that reconsidering one necessarily reopens the other. The D.C. Circuit has noted that

Nat'l Min. Ass'n v. U.S. Dept. of Interior, 70 F.3d 1345, 1351 (D.C.Cir.1995).

Courts also look to an agency's response to comments in determining whether a reopening has occurred. Where an agency has responded to comments on an issue, this may be an indication that the agency intended to reopen the issue. See State of Ohio v. U.S. E.P.A., 838 F.2d 1325, 1328 (D.C.Cir.1988) (finding reopening where "the agency requested comments only on new or changed provisions[,]... explained the unchanged but republished portion of the regulation in the notice of proposed rulemaking in general policy terms, ... and responded to at least one comment aimed directly at" the unchanged portion of the rule). However, the reopening doctrine is not to be used as "a license for bootstrap procedures by which petitioners can comment on matters other than those actually at issue, goad an agency into a reply, and then sue on the grounds that the agency had re-opened the issue." Am. Iron & Steel Inst. v. U.S. E.P.A., 886 F.2d 390, 398 (D.C.Cir.1989).

The Ninth Circuit has not addressed the question of whether the reopening doctrine is law in this circuit. However, at least two courts in the Ninth Circuit, including one in this District, have followed the rule. See Envtl. Prot. Info. Ctr. v. Pac. Lumber Co., 266 F.Supp.2d 1101, 1122 (N.D.Cal. 2003) ("When `an agency's actions show that it has not merely republished an existing rule ... but has reconsidered the rule and decided to keep it in effect, challenges to the rule are in order.'") (omission in original) (quoting Public Citizen, 901 F.2d at 150); SLPR, LLC v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 06 CV 1327 MMA POR, 2011 WL 1648732 (S.D.Cal. May 2, 2011) ("Courts have consistently held that the statute of limitations does not bar review of agency actions that reopen a previously decided issue when the agency reaches the same decision at a subsequent proceeding."); see also Stinson Canning Co., Inc. v. Mosbacher, 731 F.Supp. 32, 34 n. 3 (D.Me.1990) ("Under settled administrative law doctrine, statute of limitations time periods are reopened when an agency publishes an existing rule in the Federal Register and solicits comments on the rule, even if the agency ultimately decides not to alter the rule.").

This Court follows other courts in this circuit as well as guidance from the decisions of the D.C. Circuit and apply the reopening doctrine here. Given the fact specific inquiry required by the reopening doctrine, this Court will consider its application to each of the alleged MSA violations in turn.

1. Optimum Yield

Plaintiff argues that Amendment 13 violated the MSA in that it failed to set optimum yield for any of the species covered by the plan. The MSA requires that fishery management plans "assess and specify ... optimum yield [OY] from[] the fishery, and include a summary of the information utilized in making such a specification." 16 U.S.C. § 1853(a)(3). The MSA defines optimum yield as the level of fish harvesting that "will provide the greatest overall benefit to the Nation, particularly with respect to food production and recreational opportunities, and taking into account the protection of marine ecosystems." 16 U.S.C. § 1802(33)(A). The optimum yield is thus equal to the maximum sustainable yield, "as reduced by any relevant social, economic, or ecological factor." Id. § 1802(33)(B). Optimum yield is not a year-by-year number, but "a long-term average amount of desired yield from a stock." 50 C.F.R. § 600.310(e)(3)(ii). As such, it is distinct from metrics like annual catch limit or annual catch target which are set on an annual basis. Cf. 50 C.F.R. § 600.310(f)(5)(i) (multi year plans "must include a mechanism for specifying ACLs for each year with appropriate [accountability measures] to prevent overfishing").

Other than the general statements about the scope of Amendment 13, Plaintiff does not identify anything in the record that indicates that the Federal Defendant considered revisiting the rule on optimum yield set by Amendment 8. In both Amendment 13 and Amendment 8, OY is defined as "the level of harvest which is less than or equal to ABC." AR 13776, 3220. Amendment 13 does, however, change the definition of acceptable biological catch (ABC), upon which optimum yield is based. AR 13776, 3220. Amendment 8 provides that ABC is based on "a MSY control rule," which is set as

AR 3218, 3220. In Amendment 13, however, ABC is re-defined:

AR 13779. While the stated definition for OY has not changed, redefining an underlying term which informs the calculation of the OY does, as a practical matter, affect the optimum yield determination.

However, this change in the definition of ABC does not affect the fundamental flaws Plaintiff identifies with the FMP's treatment of OY. See Pl.'s Mot. at 11-16. According to Plaintiffs, the definition of OY in Amendment 13 fails to conform with the requirements of the MSA in three ways. First, Amendment 13 does not actually set OY, but rather provides a framework for setting OY in the future. Second, this framework takes as its starting point ABC rather than MSY. Third, the framework provides no explicit metric for reducing OY based on social, economic, and ecological factors as required by the MSA. None of these flaws, however, were introduced by Amendment 13. All were present in Amendment 8. None of these points were revisited in connection with Amendment 13's treatment of the OY.

Further, the administrative record taken as a whole indicates that the Council and NMFS did not intent to reopen the definition of OY. The notice opening the comments period on Amendment 13 did not mention revisiting the rule on optimum yield. AR 13498. Neither does the introduction to Amendment 13, AR 13748, the February 2010 draft of alternatives considered for Amendment 13, AR 4197-4207, the Environmental Assessment's discussion of alternatives considered, AR 13588-92, or the memorandum approving Amendment 13. AR 13790-95. Moreover, the NMFS did not respond to comments submitted on the question of OY, other than to note that they were beyond the scope of Amendment 13. AR 13895-96, 13956. Thus, there is no indication that the NMFS undertook a "serious, substantive recommendation" of the OY. P & V Enterprises, 516 F.3d at 1024. The agency did not reopen the treatment of the OY challenged herein which were extant in Amendment 8.

Plaintiff points to Flaherty v. Bryson, arguing that this case holds that NMFS has a duty to ensure that FMP amendments comply with all provisions of the MSA, regardless of concerns of timeliness or reopening. 850 F.Supp.2d 38 (D.D.C. 2012). In Flaherty, NMFS had published a notice of intent indicating that the Council would be preparing Amendment 4 to the Atlantic Herring FMP in order to comply with the new requirements under the MSRA. Id. at 45. In addition, the notice of intent stated that Amendment 4 might address several other issues, including improvement of bycatch monitoring, and inclusion of protections for the river herring as well as the Atlantic herring. Id. at 46. Subsequently, NMFS and the Council decided to focus only on complying with the MSRA's requirements for the Atlantic herring, leaving the other provisions for consideration in future amendments. Id. The Flaherty court ultimately found, inter alia, that (1) NMFS had acted arbitrarily and capriciously in failing to conduct a meaningful review of the Council's decision not to include the river herring in the FMP; and (2) NMFS had violated the MSA by approving Amendment 4 without addressing how the amendment would minimize bycatch to the extent practicable, as is required by the MSA. Id. at 56, 59.

In Flaherty, however, there is no indication that any party challenged the timeliness of the plaintiff's suit; the court does not address timeliness or the reopening doctrine at all. In that case, NMFS specifically invited comments on the aspects of the FMP that the plaintiff ultimately challenged by including them in the notice of intent. Id. at 46. Though the court at one point notes that the MSA includes "a clear Congressional statutory command ... that NMFS shall review FMP amendments for compliance with all provisions of the MSA," it does so in rejecting NMFS's argument that the agency should defer to the Council on determinations of which fish should be included under the FMP. Id. at 55. Thus, Flaherty does not support Plaintiff's position that this Court should review all aspects of the FMP for compliance with the MSA regardless of whether they were reopened with Amendment 13. In that case, it appears that the NMFS had taken steps to reopen the matter at issue. Further, Plaintiff's argument on this front would completely eviscerate the clear statute of limitations provided in the MSA. 16 U.S.C. § 1855(f). Congress' intent to limit judicial review to actions initiated within 30 days of the promulgation of regulations or publication of action would be undermined if every subsequent agency action or amendment to the FMP provided the opportunity to challenge any and all sections of the FMP. See Nat'l Min. Ass'n, 70 F.3d at 1351.6

Plaintiff's challenge to Amendment 13's method for specifying OY concern problems first introduced by Amendment 8. The putative problem with Amendment 8 was not changed in any meaningful way in Amendment 13. That aspect of Amendment 8 was not reopened or reconsidered by the NMFS in issuing Amendment 13. Thus, Plaintiff's challenge to Amendment 13's failure to specify OY is untimely. With regard to this issue, Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment is DENIED, and Defendant's motions for summary judgment are GRANTED.

2. Maximum Sustainable Yield for the Northern Anchovy Subpopulation

a. Timeliness

Plaintiff argues that Amendment 13 fails to comply with the MSA in that it does not set a value for maximum sustainable yield for the northern subpopulation of the northern anchovy. While Amendment 8 also failed to include an MSY for the northern subpopulation of the northern anchovy, it appears that Federal Defendant gave serious consideration of remedying this situation in Amendment 13. For example, the August 2011 Environmental Assessment for Amendment 13 discusses a variety of alternatives for amending the status determination criteria in the FMP. AR 13588-92. Several of the proposed alternatives would have developed an MSY for the northern subpopulation of the northern anchovy. Id. In fact, the alternative identified as preferred by the Council includes developing an MSY for this population. AR at 13590. The introduction to Amendment 13, however, notes that the amendment does not include an MSY for the northern subpopulation of the northern anchovy because "no criteria currently exist." AR 13749.

From the record, it would thus appear that the Council explicitly considered specifying an MSY for the northern subpopulation of the northern anchovy, but decided not to do so because of concerns about the adequacy of the data on this species. This explicit consideration is sufficient to bring this issue within the reopening doctrine. Plaintiff's challenge on this issue is thus not time barred.

b. Merits

Amendment 13 does not specify an MSY for the northern subpopulation of the northern anchovy, noting that the portion of the subpopulation in U.S. waters was unknown. AR 13781-82. The Federal Defendant argues that it lacked sufficient data to determine MSY for this population, and that the MSA does not require setting an MSY under such circumstances.

The MSA requires FMPs to "assess and specify the ... maximum sustainable yield... from[] the fishery, and include a summary of the information utilized in making such specification." 16 U.S.C. § 1853(a)(3). The regulations implementing the MSA recognize, however, that Councils may not always have at their disposal adequate data to set an MSY for a given stock of fish. The regulations provide, that "[w]hen data are insufficient to estimate MSY directly, Councils should adopt other measures of reproductive potential, based on the best scientific information available, that can serve as reasonable proxies for MSY." 50 C.F.R. § 600.310(e)(1)(iv). Citing to the MSA's requirement that conservation measures be based upon "the best scientific information available," 16 U.S.C. § 1851(a)(2), the regulations elsewhere note that "[w]hen data are insufficient to estimate reference points directly, Councils should develop reasonable proxies to the extent possible." 50 C.F.R. § 600.310(l) (emphasis added).

Amendment 13 contemplates that MSY for the northern subpopulation of the northern anchovy will be set at a future point. It provides that "[a]ppropriate [status determination criteria] and biological reference points (if determined), and harvest specifications ... are developed and adopted under the annual specification cycle and recorded in the CPS [Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation report]." AR 13782. It does not, however, contain any further explanation of why there is insufficient data to set and MSY. Id. Amendment 8, which had also not specified an MSY for this population of fish, discussed various studies that attempted to estimate the biomass of the population, but expressed concerns about the reliability of the data. AR 3432. The Council thus "recommended [that] studies currently underway to estimated [sic] biomass and productivity be continued." Id.

Federal Defendant points to a November 2010 report prepared by the Council's CPS management team, which discusses the lack of data around the northern subpopulation of the northern anchovy. AR 16641. The report noted that the Management Team

Id. This report does, however, suggest two potential numbers to consider for use as the OFL, both of which "are reasonable, based on the biology of the species, results of the vulnerability analysis for CPS stocks in the California Current ecosystem.... the relatively low recent catch for this subpopulation, and consistency with other CPS-monitored stock benchmarks." Id. The first number would set the MSY/OFL proxy at 26,000 mt, based on biomass estimates in unpublished studies from the mid-1970s and 2008. Id. The second number would set the MSY/OFL proxy at 12,000 mt, based on recent catch numbers. AR 16642.

Also in November 2010, the CPS scientific and statistical committee prepared recommendations for 2011 management measures for the fishery. AR 16652. The recommendations noted that reference points for all of the monitored species covered by the FMP are difficult to determine due to limited data to estimate biomass and productivity." AR 16653. In particular, the recommendations noted the lack of reliable data on the northern subpopulation of the northern anchovy. Id. The scientific and statistical committee surveyed the limited available data, and recommended an OFL value based on the average of biomass figures from the two available studies, multiplied by the FMSY for Pacific mackerel, because "anchovy are likely to be as productive as Pacific mackerel." Id. The SSC then applied the 75% uncertainty buffer used for all monitored species under the FMP, yielding a recommended OFL of 39,000 mt and an ABC of 9,750 mt.7 Id.

Federal Defendant argues that the recommendation of the SSC on this issue came too late for incorporation into Amendment 13. The Federal Defendant points out that the Council took final action approving the proposed amendment in June 2010. AR 12898. The Council sent the proposed Amendment 13 to NMFS for approval in January 2011, along with the implementing regulations and draft environmental assessment required by the National Environmental Policy Act. Id. While the Federal Defendant does not explicitly so state, this suggests that the Council was using the second half of 2010 to prepare the regulations and environmental assessment based on the June 2010 version of Amendment 13. The fact that the SSC had identified an OFL/MSY proxy before the Council transmitted the draft of Amendment 13 to NMFS does raise the question of why this figure was not included in Amendment 13. Further, NMFS did not publish the notice of availability and request for comments on Amendment 13 in the Federal Register until June 8, 2011. AR 13497. The final implementing regulations for Amendment 13 were published on November 14, 2011, a year after the SSC arrived at a recommended MSY proxy. AR 13956.

The guidelines for National Standard 2 specifically consider the possibility that information may becomes available after the Council has drafted a fishery management plan:

50 C.F.R. § 600.315(b)(2). Relying on this provision, the Ninth Circuit has held that a Council was not arbitrary and capricious in failing to consider data that only became available in raw form one month prior to the Council issued recommendations that were the culmination of a two year process. Fishermen's Finest, Inc. v. Locke, 593 F.3d 886, 897 (9th Cir.2010). The court held that "[g]iven the time needed to process the information, and the fact that the Council's deliberations were coming to a close after more than two years, incorporating the new information was not "practicable" and so need not have been considered under National Standard 2." Id. at 897-98.

In this case, the new MSY recommendation became available several months after the Council had taken its final action on Amendment 13, but before the Council transmitted the draft of the amendment to NMFS. This is even later than was the case in Fishermen's Finest, suggesting that Defendant has raised a plausible argument that incorporating the information was not "practicable." On the other hand, the late-available information in Fishermen's Finest was raw, unprocessed data that would have taken a considerable amount of time to process and incorporate. Here, the suggested MSY was one number. Defendants point to nothing in the record suggesting that it would have caused significant disruption to add the MSY estimate and a short justification in the amendment before transmitting it to NMFS. Defendants have offered no explanation for why it was not "practicable" to incorporate this number into Amendment 13 before the Council transmitted it to NMFS in January 2011, or before the notice of proposed rulemaking was published in June 2011. They merely note that by the time the number was available, the Council had taken its final action approving Amendment 13. Given the timeline of actions here, this fact, without further explanation, does not convincingly establish that it was not possible to incorporate the MSY proxy for the northern subpopulation of the northern anchovy into Amendment 13 at some point before the amendment was finalized. Without such an explanation, NMFS's decision to approve Amendment 13 without an MSY proxy for this population was arbitrary, capricious, and contrary to law.

Accordingly, on this issue, Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment is GRANTED, and Defendant's motions for summary judgment are DENIED.

3. Consideration of Uncertainty in Calculating ABC

a. Timeliness

Plaintiff contends that Amendment 13 violates the MSA because the formula used to set acceptable biological catch ("ABC") does not appropriately account for known sources of scientific uncertainty. As this challenge focuses on the application of the ABC rule that was introduced for the first time by Amendment 13, it is timely.

b. Merits

Plaintiff argues that Amendment 13 fails to comply with the MSA in that the formula the amendment sets for acceptable biological catch fails to account for all known sources of uncertainty. Pl.'s Mot. at 17-20. Unlike with OY and MSY, there is no explicit statutory provision requiring that FMPs include ABC for the species in the fishery, though the MSA does note ABC as one of the metrics on which a scientific and statistical committee ("SSC") should advise its Council. 16 U.S.C. § 1852(g)(1)(B). The guidelines interpreting National Standard 1, however, provide that "[f]or stocks and stock complexes required to have an ABC, each Council must establish an ABC control rule based on scientific advice from its SSC." 50 C.F.R. § 600.310(f)(4). The regulations define ABC as "a level of a stock or stock complex's annual catch that accounts for the scientific uncertainty in the estimate of OFL [overfishing limit] and any other scientific uncertainty." 50 C.F.R. § 600.310(f)(2)(ii). While ABC may be set as equal to the OFL, it will generally be lower to account for uncertainty and reduce the likelihood of overfishing. 50 C.F.R. § 600.310(f)(3). The guidelines provide that

50 C.F.R. § 600.310(f)(4). Further, the ABC control rule must account for uncertainty such that the probability that overfishing will occur "cannot exceed 50 percent and should be a lower value." Id.

Amendment 13 provides that ABC for the species in the fishery "is a harvest specification set below the OFL and is a threshold that incorporates a scientific uncertainty buffer against overfishing." AR 13777. As discussed above, Amendment 13 sets the following formula for determining ABC for actively managed species in the fishery:

AR 13777, 13779. As OFL for actively managed species is set to equal BIOMASS × FMSY × DISTRIBUTION, the ABC formula amounts to OFL multiplied by the buffer value. AR 13779. Amendment 13 provides for ABC to be determined periodically:

AR 13777. For monitored species, where there is less data available, Amendment 13 provides that ABC will be set at 25% of OFL "until such a time as the SSC recommends an alternate value based on the best available science." AR 13781.

Plaintiff's challenge, though framed as a challenge to Amendment 13, is actually focused on preliminary reports of the Council's SSC discussing how to determine the buffer value for the ABC control rule. Pl.'s Mot. at 17-20. Indeed, Plaintiff's argument does not raise any general objection to the ABC control rule, or cite to Amendment 13 at all. Id. The crux of Plaintiff's objection is that the SSC, though it acknowledges multiple sources of uncertainty, accounts for only one uncertainty in estimates of the current biomass in its recommendation for setting buffer value for covered species. AR 4243-44, AR 4257-58. Plaintiff contends the SSC did not taken in account all known sources of scientific uncertainty in deriving this value.

As the Federal Defendant points out, however, the MSA provides for judicial review only of regulations promulgated by the Secretary, and actions under the regulations that implement a fishery management plan. 16 U.S.C. § 1855(f)(1)-(2). Plaintiff does not contest the fact that the SSC's report itself is not subject to judicial review. Pl.'s Reply at 24-25. Plaintiff does not allege the SSC's report has been adopted and incorporated into a regulation or implemented pursuant the regulations. While Plaintiff may be able to challenge actions taken to implement Amendment 13 in accordance with the SSC's recommendations, Plaintiff is not alleging that any such action has yet occurred. Plaintiff's challenge on this issue is thus premature.

Plaintiff argues that the Council should have prescribed that all known sources of uncertainty be accounted for in Amendment 13 but failed to do so. Id. Plaintiff offers no law, however, establishing that the Council or NMFS must prescribe in advance the accounting of all scientific uncertainty in Amendment 13 itself, rather than setting up a system by which the SSC and the Council would re-assess scientific uncertainty in calculating ABC each year. Indeed, given that the guidelines discuss setting an "ABC control rule" rather than prescribing a certain ABC in the fishery management plan, Amendment 13's approach in this instance is in line with the intentions of the guidelines. Thus, the agency's failure to prescribe a more specific buffer value or criteria was not arbitrary and capricious.

Additionally, it is not clear that Plaintiff's challenge to the SSC's recommendation would necessarily succeed on the merits. The SSC acknowledged multiple sources of uncertainty, but it recommended "focus[ing] its attention first and foremost on variation in the estimation of current biomass." AR 4257-58. The SSC concluded that uncertainty in estimation of current biomass was the most important source of uncertainty because of large variations in estimates, though it stated that other sources of uncertainty should be incorporated in future management cycles. AR 4258. The Ninth Circuit has noted that when reviewing MSA plans under the APA, a court's "only task is to determine whether the Secretary has considered the relevant factors and articulated a rational connection between the facts found and the choices made." Midwater Trawlers Cooperative v. Dep't of Commerce, 282 F.3d 710, 716 (9th Cir.2002). Further, "where, as here, a court reviews an agency action involving primarily issues of fact, and where analysis of the relevant documents requires a high level of technical expertise, we must defer to the informed discretion of the responsible federal agencies." Latino Issues Forum v. U.S. E.P.A., 558 F.3d 936, 941 (9th Cir.2009) (internal citations and alterations omitted). Given this deferential standard, it seems doubtful that the SSC's decision to focus first on an area of uncertainty that they found most significant, and to later incorporate other sources of uncertainty, was arbitrary and capricious.

Plaintiff does raise one objection that seems at first blush to involve the contents of Amendment 13. Specifically, Plaintiff points to a concern expressed by the SSC in November 2010, where the SSC noted that the amendment allowed ABC for market squid to be set equal to OFL and stated that "justification or further analysis is required to show why scientific uncertainty does not need to be taken into account when setting the ABC." AR 16654. Plaintiff objects that no such justification is provided in the record. Pl.'s Mot. at 18. While Plaintiff may be correct on this, the rule allowing ABC for market squid to equal OFL does not seem to have made it into the final version of Amendment 13. As discussed above, Amendment 13 sets ABC for all monitored species, including market squid, at 25% of OFL. AR 13781. Plaintiff's objection on this front is thus without merit.

As Plaintiff's challenge to the SSC's recommendations on setting a buffer value for the ABC control rule does not concern a reviewable agency action, Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment is DENIED and Defendants' motions for summary judgement are GRANTED on this issue. As noted above, this is without prejudice to challenging agency action taken to implement Amendment 13 in accordance with the SSC's recommendations.

4. Failure to Use Best Available Science

Plaintiff argues that Amendment 13 violates the MSA's requirement to base conservation and management measures on the best scientific information available in two ways. First, Plaintiff argues that Amendment 13 relies on erroneous data in estimating the percentage of the fish stock that occurs in U.S., rather than Mexican or Canadian, waters. Second, Plaintiff argues that Amendment 13 relies on an outdated study in basing the harvest rates for the Pacific sardine partially on average ocean surface temperatures. Both the estimate of fish population in U.S. waters and the equation setting sardine harvest rates are found in Amendment 8 in the same form as they appear in Amendment 13. See AR 13780, 3414-17 (geographical distribution of fish); AR 13780, 3421-24 (relationship between ocean temperature and sardine harvest rate). From the record, it does not appear that the Council gave significant consideration to changing either of these figures. While Amendment 8 contains an extensive discussion of the research and rationale behind each rule, Amendment 13 contains no discussion of the distribution figure, and only minimal discussion of the equation setting sardine harvest rate. Compare AR 3414-17, 3421-24 with 13780. Discussions of alternatives in the February 2010 draft of Amendment 13, and Amendment 13's Environmental Assessment do not discuss changing either the distribution figure or the formula for setting the sardine harvest rate. AR 4197-4207, 13588-90.

There is no indication on the record that the Council or NMFS gave any "serious, substantive reconsideration" of these two rules; hence, the issue has not been reopened, and Plaintiff's challenge on the FMP's compliance with national standard two is untimely. P & V Enterprises, 516 F.3d at 1024. Accordingly, Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment is DENIED, and Defendants's motions for summary judgment are GRANTED on this issue.

5. Minimum Stock Size Threshold

Plaintiff argues that Amendment 13 violates the MSA by failing to set a minimum stock size threshold ("MSST") for species designated as "monitored" rather than "actively managed" under the FMP. AR 13781-82. Plaintiff also argues that Amendment 13 sets MSSTs too high for the actively managed species. AR 13780-81. Amendment 8, however, also fails to set an MSST for the monitored species, and sets the same MSSTs for the actively managed species as does Amendment 13. AR 3221, 3223.

Other than citing to portions of the record indicating that Amendment 13 is generally intended to revise the framework for setting harvest guidelines, Plaintiff points to nothing in the record that suggesting that the Council or NMFS specifically considered revisiting the MSSTs set (or not set) in Amendment 8. Both the notice in the Federal Register and the introduction to Amendment 13 specifically state that Amendment 13 maintains the default harvest control rules for monitored stocks, though with updated "management reference points." AR 13498, 13748. Neither specifies what these updated reference points are, and the Amendment does not change MSSTs. Similarly, the Federal Register notice and Amendment 13 introduction provide that harvest control rules for actively managed species will be modified, but only "to include a buffer or reduction in acceptable biological catch ... to account for scientific uncertainty." AR 13498, 13748. Again, there is no mention of MSST. The Environmental Assessment's discussion of alternatives considered does not discuss MSST. AR 13588-92. Finally, the NMFS did not respond to any comments concerning MSST. AR 13895-96, 13956.

The record indicates that neither the Council nor NMFS gave consideration to changing specifying or setting new MSSTs; hence, this issue was not reopened, and Plaintiff's challenge thereto is untimely. Accordingly, Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment is DENIED, and Defendants's motions for summary judgment are GRANTED on this issue.

6. NMFS' Authority to Disapprove Amendment 13

Federal Defendant argues that even if parts of Amendment 13 did not comply with the MSA's requirements, it was not within the Secretary's power to add to or change non-complying parts of Amendment 13. Fed. Def.'s Mot. at 27-28. While it is true that the Secretary generally may not unilaterally amend aspects of an FMP, she is permitted to disapprove parts of an amendment to the degree that it does not comply with the requirements of the MSA. 16 U.S.C. § 1854(a)(3) ("The Secretary shall approve, disapprove, or partially approve a plan or amendment"). Indeed, Federal Defendant has partially disapproved amendments to the FMP for failure to set certain benchmarks in the past. For example, the Secretary partially disapproved Amendment 8 to the FMP to the degree that it failed to provide an estimate of MSY for market squid. 64 Fed.Reg. 69888, 69889 (Dec. 15, 1999). Here Plaintiff is arguing not that the Secretary should have amended the FMP herself, but that she should have disapproved Amendment 13 to the degree that portions of the amendment violate the MSA.

Federal Defendant also argues that Plaintiff cannot prevail on this claim because agencies have the discretion to prioritize between issues, and that NMFS did not need to address all flaws in the FMP with this amendment. Fed. Def.'s Mot. at 28-29.

While agencies may certainly prioritize in setting which initiatives they wish to pursue, see Associated Gas Distributors v. F.E.R.C., 824 F.2d 981, 1039 (D.C.Cir. 1987), here Plaintiff is not alleging that NMFS failed to pursue certain policy agendas; rather, Plaintiff alleges the NMFS approved an amendment to a fishery management plan that was in violation of the MSA. The MSA explicitly provides that the Secretary has a duty to ensure that FMPs and amendments are "consistent with the national standards, the other provisions of this chapter, and any other applicable law." 16 U.S.C. § 1854(a). Thus, to the degree and issue was presented or reopened in Amendment 13, NMFS had the duty to ensure compliance with the MSA.

Accordingly, this Court finds that Federal Defendant's arguments on this front are meritless.

B. National Environmental Policy Act

Plaintiff alleges that NMFS violated the National Environmental Policy Act ("NEPA") by failing to perform an Environmental Impact Statement, by improperly deferring environmental review of Amendment 13's impacts, by failing to consider all reasonable alternatives to Amendment 13, and by failing to respond adequately to comments from the public.

NEPA is "our basic national charter for protection of the environment." Center for Biological Diversity v. United States Forest Serv., 349 F.3d 1157 1166 (9th Cir.2003); see also 40 C.F.R. § 1500.1 (same). There are two goals underlying the statute: "(1) to ensure that the agency will have detailed information on significant environmental impacts when it makes decisions; and (2) to guarantee that this information will be available to a larger audience." Neighbors of Cuddy Mt. v. Alexander, 303 F.3d 1059, 1063 (9th Cir. 2002); see also Earth Island v. U.S. Forest Service, 351 F.3d 1291, 1300 (9th Cir.2003) ("NEPA requires that a federal agency `consider every significant aspect of the environmental impact of a proposed action... [and] inform the public that it has indeed considered environmental concerns in its decision-making process.'").

"NEPA does not contain substantive environmental standards and guidelines, nor does the Act mandate `that agencies achieve particular substantive environmental results.'" Center for Biological Diversity, 349 F.3d at 1166. Rather, "NEPA imposes procedural requirements designed to force agencies to take a `hard look' at [the] environmental consequences" of their actions. Earth Island, 351 F.3d at 1300. "This includes considering all foreseeable direct and indirect impacts. Further, NEPA requires that an environmental analysis for a single project consider the cumulative impacts of that project together with all past, present and reasonably foreseeable future actions." Idaho Sporting Cong. v. Rittenhouse, 305 F.3d 957, 973 (9th Cir.2002).

1. Requirement to Prepare Environmental Impact Statement

Plaintiff argues that NMFS violated NEPA because the agency conducted only a more limited Environmental Assessment ("EA") rather than a full Environmental Impact Statement ("EIS"). Defendants argue that because NMFS conducted a proper EA and found that Amendment 13 would not have a significant impact on the environment, NMFS was not required to conduct a full EIS.

NEPA requires that an EIS be prepared for all "major Federal actions significantly affecting the ... environment." 42 U.S.C. § 4332(2)(C). However, in certain circumstances, see, e.g., 40 C.F.R. § 1501.4 (if an agency's regulations do not categorically require the preparation of an EIS), agencies may first prepare an EA to make a preliminary determination whether the proposed action will have a significant environmental effect. See Nat'l Parks & Conservation Ass'n v. Babbitt, 241 F.3d 722, 730 (9th Cir.2001), abrogated on other grounds by Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms, 561 U.S. 139, 130 S.Ct. 2743, 2757, 177 L.Ed.2d 461 (2010). "If the EA establishes that the agency's action may have a significant effect upon the ... environment, an EIS must be prepared." Id. (emphasis and alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted). More specifically,

Idaho Sporting Cong. v. Thomas, 137 F.3d 1146, 1149-50 (9th Cir.1998) (emphasis in original; internal quotation marks omitted), overruled on other grounds in The Lands Council v. McNair, 537 F.3d 981, 997 (9th Cir.2008). If the EA does not establish that the action may have a significant effect, then the agency must issue a Finding of No Significant Impact ("FONSI"), "accompanied by a convincing statement of reasons to explain why a project's impacts are insignificant." National Parks, 241 F.3d at 730 (internal quotation marks omitted). "The statement of reasons is crucial to determining whether the agency took a hard look at the potential environmental impact of a project." Save the Yaak Committee v. Block, 840 F.2d 714, 717 (9th Cir.1988) (internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, a court should defer to an agency's decision only when it is "`fully informed and well-considered.'" Id.

Defendant argues that no EIS was required here because, as a matter of law, no EIS or EA is required when a federal action has no negative impact on the physical environment. The Ninth Circuit has held that "an EA or an EIS is not necessary for federal actions that conserve the environment." Douglas County v. Babbitt, 48 F.3d 1495, 1505 (9th Cir.1995); Pub. Citizen v. Nuclear Regulatory Comm'n, 573 F.3d 916, 929 (9th Cir.2009) ("Because Petitioners have identified no effect of the revised DBT rule that may cause significant degradation of some human environmental factor, no EIS was necessary" where petitioners implicitly agreed "that the rule was otherwise only beneficial to the environment"). The Babbitt court found that the Department of the Interior was not required to conduct an EIS when it designated certain federal lands as critical habitat under the Endangered Species Act because "when a federal agency takes an action that prevents human interference with the environment, it need not prepare an EIS." 48 F.3d at 1505-06. An EIS is thus not required to determine whether the agency, in taking steps to conserve the environment, should have done more.

A number of district courts have applied this rule to reject NEPA challenges where challenged actions maintained the status quo or had only beneficial environmental impacts. In Prairie Wood Products v. Glickman, the court found that an EIS was unnecessary for temporary screening rules that prevented logging in certain more vulnerable areas. 971 F.Supp. 457, 467 (D.Or.1997). The court found that "it is apparent from the record that [the screening rules] are designed to arrest environmental degradation in order to preserve the environmental status quo." Id. at 468. The court held that no EIS was required because the rules "were designed and anticipated to conserve the physical environment rather than irretrievably commit resources." Id. Similarly, the court in Am. Sand Ass'n v. U.S. Dept. of Interior found that no EIS was necessary for a Bureau of Land Management decision to temporarily close certain sand dunes to off road vehicles pending an evaluation of the vehicle's effect on endangered species that lived in the dunes. 268 F.Supp.2d 1250, 1253 (S.D.Cal.2003).

In Pryors Coal. v. Weldon, the court rejected a NEPA challenge to an agency's plan designating certain roads through wilderness areas as open to some types of motorized use. 803 F.Supp.2d 1184, 1190-91 (D.Mont.2011). One of the roads to which the plaintiffs specifically objected had been designated for motorized use prior to the implementation of the challenged plan. Id. at 1191. The only change the plan made with regards to this road was providing that it should be closed during spring months to protect sensitive soil and vegetation growth. Id. Though the agency in Pryors had conducted an EIS for the plan as a whole, the court specifically relied on Babbitt in pointing out that the plaintiffs could show no environmental injury with respect to this particular road because the plan had only reduced motorized traffic. Id.

Defendant argues that like the cases following Babbitt, Amendment 13 has no negative impact on the physical environment, because it changed the harvest rules in a way that sets catch levels equal or less than the levels permitted under Amendment 8. Amendment 13 maintains the general harvest guideline rule for actively managed species set in Amendment 8, but adds a separate rule for setting acceptable biological catch. Compare AR 13779 with AR 3220. The annual catch targets are then set at either HG or ABC, whichever is lower. AR 13779. Amendment 13 provides that "[i]f the HG, ACL, or ACT for the directed fishery is reached the directed fishery will be closed by automatic action...." AR 13784 (emphasis added). Thus, actual harvest levels for actively managed species under Amendment 13 may be lower than under previous versions of the FMP, but they may not be higher. Amendment 13 does not change the harvest control rule for monitored species. Compare AR 3219 with AR 13781.

Plaintiff argues that Amendment 13 causes a significant impact on the physical environment because it raises the overfishing limit for the Pacific sardine. Pl.'s Mot. at 28. While this may be true as a formal matter because Amendment 13 redefines certain terms in the FMP, it does not appear that this will actually result in higher catch levels. Under Amendment 8, the fishery may be closed when catch levels reach HG. AR 3225-26. Under Amendment 13, the fishery is automatically closed if catch levels reach either HG, ACL, or ACT. AR 13784. Of these three, ACL is defined partially in reference to OFL, and ACT is defined as equal to the lesser of HG or ACL. AR 13779. Hence, the effect of Amendment 13 is to provide a potentially lower limit than the HG (i.e., when the ACL is lower than the HG). As the definition of HG has not changed from Amendment 8, however, any shift in the OFL definition affecting the ACL cannot actually result in catch levels higher than would have been permitted under Amendment 8. Additionally, while Amendment 8 allows some discretion as to whether the fishery must close as soon as HG is reached, Amendment 13 requires that the fishery close as soon as HG, ACL, or ACT is reached. Again, this would allow for only the same or lower harvest levels under Amendment 13 than would have been permitted under Amendment 8.

Plaintiff argues that NEPA does require an EIS even in situations where an action's only impact on the environment is beneficial. Plaintiff points to the NEPA regulation interpreting what constitutes a "significant" impact on the environment. 40 C.F.R. § 1508.27. That regulation notes that determining whether an action significantly impacts the environment requires consideration of both context and intensity. Id. One of the factors listed for consideration in determining intensity states that agencies should consider "Impacts that may be both beneficial and adverse. A significant effect may exist even if the Federal agency believes that on balance the effect will be beneficial." Id. § 1508.27(b)(1). This regulation, however, appears to contemplate a federal action with mixed impact — some positive, some negative — that has a net positive effect. In this case, however, Amendment 13 is not a mixed impact action, but an action that by its very terms has no negative impact at all.

Plaintiff cites to no case calling into question the holding of the above cases that an EIS is not required where an action's only impact is to conserve the environment. While not all of those cases considered this specific provision of the NEPA regulations, they did consider the NEPA regulations more broadly, and noted the requirement under the regulations to conduct an EIS whenever and action may cause significant degradation of the environment. See Babbitt, 48 F.3d at 1498; Pub. Citizen, 573 F.3d at 928-29. The court in Prairie Wood did quote the regulatory provision that Plaintiff cites here, but it did so in an alternative holding to its holding that an EIS was not required because there was no negative impact on the human environment. 971 F.Supp. at 469 (alternative holding that agency's finding of no significant impact was not arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion) ("assuming [contrary to the court's first alternative holding] the Forest Service was required to assess the effects of actions not involving an irretrievable commitment of forest resources, the record evidences the Forest Service's efforts to analyze the likely effects of both [of the challenged actions], even where the Forest Service may have considered such effects to be beneficial."). The court there was thus clearly aware of the specific regulatory provision Plaintiff cites, but did not indicate that this regulatory provision calls into question the rule articulated in Babbitt.

Plaintiff offers various arguments about how Amendment 13 causes a significant impact on the environment. Pl.'s Reply at 27-32. These arguments, however, do not point to effects caused specifically by Amendment 13 rather than earlier versions of the FMP. For example, Plaintiff argues that there is a significant impact in part because "Amendment 13 governs allowable catch levels and other measures for five key forage species for years to come." Pl.'s Br. at 28. While it is true that the formulas set in Amendment 13 govern harvest rules for the foreseeable future, this was also true of Amendment 8, and as discussed above, Amendment 13 changes these rules only to make them more conservative.

While it is true that an agency must consider cumulative effects of past actions when determining whether to perform an EIS for a current, related project, the Ninth Circuit has held that an agency need not consider cumulative impacts when it has determined that the current action has no incremental impact. Nw. Envtl. Advocates v. Nat'l Marine Fisheries Serv., 460 F.3d 1125, 1140 (9th Cir.2006) ("Because the FSEIS concludes that the channel deepening project will have virtually no effect on salinity, detailed cataloguing of past projects' impact on salinity would not have informed analysis about alternatives presented for the current project, and was unnecessary.") (internal quotation marks omitted).

Plaintiff also argues that "even if catch levels do not change substantially [because of Amendment 13], removing forage species from the ocean ecosystem year after year is a significant effect on the physical environment." Pl.'s Reply at 28. This, however, seems more aimed at Plaintiff's argument that NMFS should have prepared a supplemental EIS.

2. Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement

In its reply (and not in its opening brief), Plaintiff argues that NMFS was required to examine the ongoing effects of the FMP on the covered species and their ecosystem, particularly in light of new scientific information regarding the importance of the CPS FMP species to the ecosystem. Agencies are required to prepare supplements to earlier EISs where, inter alia, "[t]here are significant new circumstances or information relevant to environmental concerns and bearing on the proposed action or its impacts." 40 C.F.R. § 1502.9(c)(1)(ii). Under the APA, a court reviewing an agency's failure to act may "compel agency action unlawfully withheld or unreasonably delayed." 5 U.S.C. § 706(1). A court may only compel actions under this provision of the APA "where a plaintiff asserts that an agency failed to take a discrete agency action that it is required to take." Norton v. S. Utah Wilderness Alliance, 542 U.S. 55, 64, 124 S.Ct. 2373, 159 L.Ed.2d 137 (2004) (emphasis in original).

Federal Defendant responds that Plaintiff did not include in its complaint a claim to compel agency action (i.e., the preparation of a supplemental EIS), nor did Plaintiff raise the argument about a supplemental EIS in its initial motion for summary judgment. Federal Defendant is correct that the complaint's NEPA claim is based on § 706(2) of the APA and seeks to set aside agency action rather than compel agency action under § 706(1). First Amended Complaint ("FAC") ¶¶ 132-138. Though the amended complaint does mention the standard for requiring a supplemental EIS in the initial statutory overview for NEPA, it does not reference the need for a supplemental EIS under the facts of this case. FAC ¶ 49, 90-96, 132, 138. The facts alleged in support of Plaintiff's NEPA claim focus only on the question of whether NMFS should have conducted a full EIS for Amendment 13. FAC ¶¶ 90-96. Though Plaintiff does note that no EA or EIS had been conducted for the FMP since 1998, Plaintiff does not include allegations in the complaint indicating that there was significant new information justifying a supplemental EIS. FAC ¶ 93. The Ninth Circuit has held that where "the complaint does not include the necessary factual allegations to state a claim, raising such claim in a summary judgment motion is insufficient to present the claim to the district court." Navajo Nation v. U.S. Forest Serv., 535 F.3d 1058, 1080 (9th Cir.2008) (affirming dismissal of NEPA claim that had not been raised in complaint). Plaintiff's argument that NMFS should have conducted a supplemental EIS is thus not properly before the court. Even if it were properly pled in the complaint, in the context of the current summary judgment motion, Plaintiff waived the claim by not raising it until its reply. Moreover, in any event, Plaintiff did not proffer specific evidence establishing that a supplemental EIS was mandated.

3. Remaining NEPA Arguments

Plaintiff also argues that NMFS improperly deferred consideration of environmental impact of Amendment 13 to the annual process for specifying particular harvest parameters. For the reasons discussed above, however, it does not appear that NMFS was required to conduct an EIS for Amendment 13, as the amendment did not increase catch levels, and in some circumstances could actually lower catch levels. Since there was no duty to perform an EIS, NMFS cannot be said to have improperly deferred it.

Similarly, Plaintiff's arguments that the EA failed to adequately consider reasonable alternatives or respond to comments are moot given that NMFS was not required to perform an EA at all.

As Amendment 13 changes the FMP in such a way that it will have only a neutral or beneficial effect on the environment, NMFS was not required to conduct an EA or EIS under NEPA. Accordingly, Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment is DENIED and Defendants' motions for summary judgment are GRANTED as to the NEPA claim.

C. Endangered Species Act

Plaintiff argues that NMFS violated the Endangered Species Act ("ESA") by failing to initiate a formal consultation regarding the effect that Amendment 13 would have on endangered species that rely on the covered fish stocks for forage. Pl.'s Mot. at 40-45. The EA for Amendment 13 found that "species listed under the Endangered Species Act are not likely to be affected by the proposed action." AR 13617. Similarly, in approving Amendment 13, NMFS determined that "fishing activities pursuant to [Amendment 13] will not affect endangered and threatened species or critical habitat in any manner not considered in prior consultations on this fishery. Additionally, this action is administrative in that it does not affect the spatial distribution, intensity of fishing activities or other current fishing practices." AR 13898.

The ESA requires that all federal agencies "insure that any action authorized, funded, or carried out by such agency ... is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered species or threatened species or result in the destruction or adverse modification of [critical] habitat of such species." 16 U.S.C. § 1536(a)(2). When agency action "may affect listed species or critical habitat," the ESA's regulations require that the agency taking action engage in a formal consultation with the appropriate agency responsible for oversight of the affected endangered species, in this case, the Fish and Wildlife Service and the Protected Resources division of NMFS. 50 C.F.R. § 402.14. The Ninth Circuit has recognized that "Any possible effect, whether beneficial, benign, adverse, or of an undetermined character, triggers the formal consultation requirement." Defenders of Wildlife v. Flowers, 414 F.3d 1066, 1072 (9th Cir.2005) (quoting Federal Register entry promulgating formal consultation regulation) (emphasis in Flowers).

Where an agency has already engaged in formal consultation, it must reinstitute consultation "where discretionary Federal involvement or control over the action has been retained or is authorized by law and:

50 C.F.R. § 402.16.

Defendants argue that since NMFS has engaged in formal consultation over the terms of the FMP numerous times in the past, this provision, rather than the one governing initial consultations is provides the appropriate standard. Def.'s Mot. at 30. Plaintiff offers no argument as to why the initial consultation provision of § 402.14 should apply rather than § 402.16.8 See Pl.'s Reply at 37-40. Other courts considering FMPs that have already undergone a formal consultation have analyzed subsequent changes under § 402.16. See Greenpeace v. Nat'l Marine Fisheries Serv., 80 F.Supp.2d 1137, 1146 (W.D.Wash.2000) (agency was required to reinstitute formal consultation under § 402.16 because "[s]ince the [previous consultations], significant changes have been made to the fishery management plans and NMFS has concluded the pollock fishery may jeopardize the Steller sea lion."); Greenpeace Found. v. Daley, 122 F.Supp.2d 1110, 1121 (D.Haw.2000) (addressing question of whether § 402.16 required reinitiation of formal consultation in light of newly available data regarding an endangered species' reliance on lobsters covered by the FMP for food). Thus, contrary to Plaintiff's argument, the issue should be analyzed under § 402.16 rather than the standard for initial consultations found in § 402.14.

Plaintiff offers no argument as to why NMFS was required to reinstitute an ESA consultation under § 402.16. The first and final factors triggering a duty to reinstitute ESA consultation clearly do not apply here, as there are no allegations that harvest levels have been exceeded, or that any new species or critical habitats have been designated under the ESA. Additionally, given that Amendment 13 modifies harvest guidelines in a way that could only maintain or lower the annual catch for CPS FMP species, the plan cannot be said to have been "subsequently modified in a manner that causes an effect to the listed species or critical habitat that was not considered in the biological opinion." 50 C.F.R. § 402.16(c).

Though elsewhere in its briefs Plaintiff alleges more generally that new scientific information on the importance of the CPS FMP species as forage for predators has emerged in recent years, these allegations are not sufficient to establish that NMFS was required to reinitiate consultation. Specifically, Plaintiff's briefs fail to cite to new scientific information indicating that species listed under the ESA are adversely affected by current fishing practices under the CPS FMP in ways not previously considered. For example, Plaintiff points to a 2009 study that discusses decrease in forage as a factor in the collapse of certain populations of Chinook salmon, but the study mentions decrease in forage only briefly, and attributes the decline in forage populations to ocean conditions rather than overfishing. AR 14978-150-34, 15003, 15007. Another article cited by Plaintiff analyzes the ecosystem impact of harvesting forage species and suggests lower fishing levels, but contains no mention of the effect of current practices on endangered species. AR 14920. See Pl.'s Mot. at 26. Plaintiff has not in its briefing to this Court pointed to information that would indicate that new science "reveals effects of the action that may affect listed species or critical habitat in a manner or to an extent not previously considered." 50 C.F.R. § 402.16(b). As Plaintiff did not explicitly advance an argument under the relevant regulation, this Court does not express an opinion on whether scientific information exists that would meet this standard. The Court holds only that no such information has been identified by Plaintiff on this record.

As Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate that NMFS was required to reinitiate consultation under the ESA, Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment is DENIED on this issue, and Defendants' motions for summary judgment on the ESA issue are GRANTED.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons Plaintiff's motion for summary judgement is GRANTED as to the question of whether NMFS violated the MSA by failing to set a maximum sustainable yield for the northern subpopulation of the northern anchovy. Defendant's motions for summary judgment are thus DENIED as to this issue, and this aspect of Amendment 13 is remanded to the Secretary for further action consistent with this order. In all other respects, Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment is DENIED and Defendants' motions for summary judgment are GRANTED.

This order disposes of Docket Nos. 40, 43, and 44.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

EXHIBIT A